Machine-learning enhanced compiler

ABSTRACT

A method includes storing a base model generated using base data and receiving training data generated by compiling circuit designs. The method also includes generating, using the training data, a tuned model and generating, using the training data and the base data, a hybrid model. The method further includes receiving a selected cost function and biasing the base model, the tuned model, and the hybrid model using the selected cost function.

RELATED APPLICATION AND CLAIM OF PRIORITY

This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No.16/992,636 filed Aug. 13, 2020, which claims priority to Application No.EP19204152.3 filed Oct. 18, 2019 and titled “METHOD AND APPARATUS FORINTEGRATING MACHINE LEARNING BASED TECHNIQUES TO IMPROVE COMPILATION OFFPGA BASED EMULATION AND PROTOTYPING SYSTEMS,” which are incorporatedherein by reference.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present disclosure relates to compilers used in the design ofcircuits or electrical components.

BACKGROUND

Designs for circuits or electrical components are programmed andcompiled (e.g., for verification purposes). Program code for the designscan be written and compiled to create virtual circuits or electricalcomponents. For example, code for designs may be compiled to simulateone or more field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) that perform theoperation of the designs. Test signals may then be sent through thevirtual circuits or electrical components to test the designs.

SUMMARY

In one embodiment, a method includes generating a netlist for a circuitdesign and predicting, by applying a first machine learning model to thenetlist, a first compile time for the circuit design. The method alsoincludes predicting by applying a second machine learning model to thenetlist, a first place and route strategy based on the first compiletime. The method further includes adjusting a logic of the circuitdesign in accordance with the first place and route strategy.

The method includes may include predicting, by applying a third machinelearning model to the adjusted logic, a second compile time for thecircuit design and predicting, by applying a fourth machine learningmodel to the adjusted logic, a second place and route strategy based onthe second compile time. The method may further include placingcomponents of the circuit design in accordance with the second place androute strategy.

The method may include predicting, by applying a fifth machine learningmodel to the placed components, a third compile time for the circuitdesign and predicting, by applying a sixth machine learning model to theplaced components, a third place and route strategy based on the thirdcompile time. The method may also include routing the components inaccordance with the third place and route strategy.

The method may include generating a bitstream in accordance with therouting of the components.

In some instances, the first and second machine learning models are partof a base model generated using base data and the base model wasselected from a group that includes the base model, a tuned modelgenerated using training data generated by compiling a plurality ofcircuit designs, and a hybrid model generated using the training dataand the base data.

The method may include selecting the base model in response to adetermination that a first distance between the netlist and the circuitdesign is less than a second distance between the netlist and thetraining data used to generate the tuned model and a third distancebetween the netlist and the training data and the base data used togenerate the hybrid model.

The method may include determining the first distance by applying afirst weight to a distance between a first feature in the netlist and afirst feature in the base data to produce a first weighted distance,applying a second weight to a distance between a second feature in thenetlist and a second feature in the base data to produce a secondweighted distance, and summing the first weighted distance and thesecond weighted distance.

The method may include launching a separate compilation of the circuitdesign. Adjusting the logic of the circuit design in accordance with thefirst place and route strategy occurs in the separately launchedcompilation.

In another embodiment, a method includes storing a base model generatedusing base data, receiving training data generated by compiling aplurality of circuit designs, and generating, using the training data, atuned model. The method also includes generating, using the trainingdata and the base data, a hybrid model, receiving a selected costfunction, and biasing the base model, the tuned model, and the hybridmodel using the selected cost function.

In some instances, the cost function is selected from a plurality ofcost functions that include a first cost function that biases towardsreducing compilation time, a second cost function that biases towardsreducing resource consumption during compilation, and a third costfunction that biases towards both reducing compilation time and reducingresource consumption during compilation.

The method may include generating a netlist for a circuit design andpredicting, by applying a first machine learning model to the netlist, afirst compile time for the circuit design. The method may also includepredicting, by applying a second machine learning model to the netlist,a first place and route strategy based on the first compile time. Themethod may further include adjusting a logic of the circuit design inaccordance with the first place and route strategy.

The method may include predicting, by applying a third machine learningmodel to the adjusted logic, a second compile time for the circuitdesign and predicting, by applying a fourth machine learning model tothe adjusted logic, a second place and route strategy based on thesecond compile time. The method may also include placing components ofthe circuit design in accordance with the second place and routestrategy.

The method may include predicting, by applying a fifth machine learningmodel to the placed components, a third compile time for the circuitdesign and predicting, by applying a sixth machine learning model to theplaced components, a third place and route strategy based on the thirdcompile time. The method may also include routing the components inaccordance with the third place and route strategy.

The method may include generating a bitstream in accordance with therouting of the components.

The method may include selecting the base model in response to adetermination that a first distance between the netlist and the circuitdesign is less than a second distance between the netlist and thetraining data used to generate the tuned model and a third distancebetween the netlist and the training data and the base data used togenerate the hybrid model.

In another embodiment, an apparatus includes a memory and a hardwareprocessor communicatively coupled to the memory. The hardware processorreceives an instruction to compile a circuit design and in response tothe instruction, generates a netlist for the circuit design. Thehardware processor also predicts, by applying a first machine learningmodel to the netlist, a first compile time for the circuit design. Thehardware processor further predicts, by applying a second machinelearning model to the netlist, a first place and route strategy based onthe first compile time and adjusts a logic of the circuit design inaccordance with the first place and route strategy.

The hardware processor may predict, by applying a third machine learningmodel to the adjusted logic, a second compile time for the circuitdesign and predict, by applying a fourth machine learning model to theadjusted logic, a second place and route strategy based on the secondcompile time. The hardware processor may also place components of thecircuit design in accordance with the second place and route strategy.

The hardware processor may predict, by applying a fifth machine learningmodel to the placed components, a third compile time for the circuitdesign and predict, by applying a sixth machine learning model to theplaced components, a third place and route strategy based on the thirdcompile time. The hardware processor may also route the components inaccordance with the third place and route strategy.

The hardware processor may generate a bitstream in accordance with therouting of the components.

In some instances, the first and second machine learning models are partof a base model generated using base data and the base model wasselected from a group that includes the base model, a tuned modelgenerated using training data generated by compiling a plurality ofcircuit designs, and a hybrid model generated using the training dataand the base data.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The disclosure will be understood more fully from the detaileddescription given below and from the accompanying figures of embodimentsof the disclosure. The figures are used to provide knowledge andunderstanding of embodiments of the disclosure and do not limit thescope of the disclosure to these specific embodiments. Furthermore, thefigures are not necessarily drawn to scale.

FIG. 1A illustrates an example system for compiling designs for circuitsand/or electrical components;

FIG. 1B illustrates a compiler device of the example system of FIG. 1A;

FIG. 1C illustrates a compiler device of the example system of FIG. 1A;

FIG. 2 illustrates a flowchart of a process for compiling a design inthe example system of FIG. 1A;

FIG. 3 illustrates model training using a compiler device of the examplesystem of FIG. 1A;

FIG. 4 illustrates a flowchart of a process for training models in theexample system of FIG. 1A;

FIG. 5 illustrates model selection using a compiler device of theexample system of FIG. 1A;

FIG. 6 illustrates a flowchart of a process for selecting a model in theexample system of FIG. 1A;

FIG. 7 depicts a flowchart of various processes used during the designand manufacture of an integrated circuit and/or FPGA in accordance withsome embodiments of the present disclosure;

FIG. 8 depicts an abstract diagram of an example emulation system inaccordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure; and

FIG. 9 depicts an abstract diagram of an example computer system inwhich embodiments of the present disclosure may operate.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Aspects of the present disclosure relate to a machine-learning enhancedcompiler. As discussed previously, designs for circuits or electricalcomponents are programmed and compiled to create virtual circuits orelectrical components (e.g., for verification purposes). For example,code for a design may be compiled to simulate one or more FPGAs thatperform the operation of the design. Test signals may then be used totest the designs.

Compilation may be a very time-intensive and/or resource-intensive task.It may take a long time to compile the program code for complicateddesigns, and compiling this code may use a large amount of computingresources (e.g., processor, memory, and/or network resources). When aproject includes code for many different components, compilation maytake a long time (e.g., greater than ten hours). In some instances, acompiler may not even have sufficient resources available to perform thecompilation, resulting in failure.

For example, FPGA-based prototyping and emulation platforms (FPEPs) areused by verification teams to emulate and prototype their ASIC designs.In the prototyping flow, they deliver a working model of their designfor firmware/library development, and in the emulation flow, theyprobe/force data on wires/registers and troubleshoot/debug the “live”design. Various compilers in the market help map these designs on to theFPEPs.

These compilers perform many steps such as front-end synthesis,technology mapping, instrumentation, partitioning, system-level placeand route, FPGA compile, and debug database generation. When there is achange or a fix in the register transfer level (RTL)/gate-level input, auser recompiles a design using these compilers. Reducing compilationtime is important to achieve faster turn-around of design fixes andverification sign-off.

One of the most common reasons for long compile time is the netlistcongestion within the FPGA devices. The upstream partitioning toolspartition logic into FPGAs based on the logic capacity of the FPGAdevices on the FPEPs. They do not take into account the routability ofthe logic inside the FPGAs, which is impacted by various factors such aslayout of resources on the FPGA devices, connectivity of the netlist,input output (TO) locations, and placement forces that act on the cellswithin the FPGA devices. This oversight may lead to post-placementcongestion within FPGAs slowing down (sometimes greater than twelvehours) the vendor routing tools or even leading to un-routable designs.

This disclosure provides a compiler that applies machine learningtechniques to reduce compile time and resource consumption. Generally,the compiler applies a machine learning model at different phases of acompilation to predict whether changes should be made to reducecompilation time or resource consumption. For example, the model may befirst applied during a phase to predict a compilation time. If thecompilation time exceeds a threshold (e.g., the predicted compilationtime may be compared to a threshold or the predicted compilation timemay fall within a time range or category defined by certain thresholds),the model may then be applied to predict a placement and routingstrategy that reduces compilation time and/or resource consumption. Thepredicted placement and routing strategy may then be applied tosubsequent phases. In this manner, the compiler reduces the duration andresource consumption of a compile process, in certain embodiments. Apractical application of the compiler is that the compiler appliesmachine learning techniques to reduce the time it takes to compiledesigns and/or to reduce the resources consumed in compiling designs.

Additionally, in certain embodiments, the compiler also trainsadditional machine learning models that can be selected for use. Forexample, the compiler may train three models: (1) a base model that isgenerated using base data; (2) a tuned model that is generated usingtraining data from a client site; and (3) a hybrid model that isgenerated using the base data and the training data. The compilerselects at runtime the model that is most suitable for compiling aparticular design. The compiler is described in more detail using FIGS.1 through 9 .

FIG. 1A illustrates an example system 100 for testing designs forcircuits and/or electrical components. As seen in FIG. 1A, system 100includes one or more devices 104, a network 106, and a compiler device108. Generally, system 100 applies one or more machine learning modelsto enhance the compilation of particular designs. In certainembodiments, system 100 reduces the compile time and/or the resourcesconsumed when compiling designs.

Users 102 use one or more devices 104 to interact with other componentsof system 100. For example, a user 102 may use a device 104 to create adesign 110 for a circuit or an electrical component. In the example ofFIG. 1A, user 102A uses one or more devices 104A to create a design 110.Users 102 may then use devices 104 to communicate the designs 110 tocompiler device 108 for compilation. In the example of FIG. 1A, user102A may use a device 104A to communicate design 110 to compiler device108. Device 104 may receive updates for the compilation from compilerdevice 108. For example, device 104 may be alerted by compiler device108 if the compilation is successful or unsuccessful. Moreover, device104 may receive messages from compiler device 108 indicating how longthe compilation is taking and the amount of resources consumed duringcompilation.

Designs 110 may be for any suitable circuit or electrical component. Forexample, designs 110 may be for integrated circuits, FPGAs, hardwareprocessors, memory arrays, and a system on chip. Compiler device 108 maybe configured to compile each of these designs 110.

Devices 104 include any appropriate device for communicating withcomponents of system 100 over network 106. As an example and not by wayof limitation, device 104 may be a computer, a laptop, a wireless orcellular telephone, an electronic notebook, a personal digitalassistant, a tablet, or any other device capable of receiving,processing, storing, and/or communicating information with othercomponents of system 100. Device 104 may also include a user interface,such as a display, a microphone, keypad, or other appropriate terminalequipment usable by user 102. Device 104 may include a hardwareprocessor, memory, and/or circuitry configured to perform any of thefunctions or actions of device 104 described herein. For example, asoftware application designed using software code may be stored in thememory and executed by the processor to perform the functions of device104.

Network 106 allows communication between and amongst the variouscomponents of system 100. For example, user 102 may use devices 104 tocommunicate over network 106. This disclosure contemplates network 106being any suitable network operable to facilitate communication betweenthe components of system 100. Network 106 may include anyinterconnecting system capable of transmitting audio, video, signals,data, messages, or any combination of the preceding. Network 106 mayinclude all or a portion of a public switched telephone network (PSTN),a public or private data network, a local area network (LAN), ametropolitan area network (MAN), a wide area network (WAN), a local,regional, or global communication or computer network, such as theInternet, a wireline or wireless network, an enterprise intranet, or anyother suitable communication link, including combinations thereof,operable to facilitate communication between the components.

Compiler device 108 applies machine learning techniques to enhance thecompilation of designs. In particular embodiments, compiler device 108reduces the amount of time it takes to compile a design and/or reducesthe amount of resources consumed during compilation by applying machinelearning techniques to predict appropriate placement and routestrategies during certain phases of compilation. In the example of FIG.1A, compiler device 108 includes a processor 112 and a memory 114, whichmay be configured to perform any of the functions or actions of compilerdevice 108 described herein. Compiler device 108 may be embodied in anysuitable number of physical devices. For example, compiler device 108may be embodied in a single computer or server. To expand the computingresources available to compiler device 108, compiler device 108 may bedistributed across multiple computers or severs, containing multipleprocessors 112 and memories 114.

Processor 112 is any electronic circuitry, including, but not limited tomicroprocessors, application specific integrated circuits (ASIC),application specific instruction set processor (ASIP), and/or statemachines, that communicatively couples to memory 114 and controls theoperation of compiler device 108. Processor 112 may be 8-bit, 16-bit,32-bit, 64-bit or of any other suitable architecture. Processor 112 mayinclude an arithmetic logic unit (ALU) for performing arithmetic andlogic operations, processor registers that supply operands to the ALUand store the results of ALU operations, and a control unit that fetchesinstructions from memory and executes them by directing the coordinatedoperations of the ALU, registers and other components. Processor 112 mayinclude other hardware that operates software to control and processinformation. Processor 112 executes software stored on memory to performany of the functions described herein. Processor 112 controls theoperation and administration of compiler device 108 by processinginformation received from devices 104, network 106, and memory 114.Processor 112 may be a programmable logic device, a microcontroller, amicroprocessor, any suitable processing device, or any suitablecombination of the preceding. Processor 112 is not limited to a singleprocessing device and may encompass multiple processing devices.

Memory 114 may store, either permanently or temporarily, data,operational software, or other information for processor 112. Memory 114may include any one or a combination of volatile or non-volatile localor remote devices suitable for storing information. For example, memory114 may include random access memory (RAM), read only memory (ROM),magnetic storage devices, optical storage devices, or any other suitableinformation storage device or a combination of these devices. Thesoftware represents any suitable set of instructions, logic, or codeembodied in a computer-readable storage medium. For example, thesoftware may be embodied in memory 114, a disk, a CD, or a flash drive.In particular embodiments, the software may include an applicationexecutable by processor 112 to perform one or more of the functionsdescribed herein.

As mentioned previously, compiler device 108 compiles designs 110communicated by devices 104 and applies machine learning techniquesduring compilation to improve the compilation process. Generally, thecompilation process includes several phases that will be described inFIGS. 1A, 1B, and 2 . Further details of the compilation process aredescribed using FIG. 7 .

The compilation process begins when compiler device 108 receives adesign 110 and an instruction 116 to compile the design 110. Design 110and instruction 116 may have been communicated by a user 102 and/ordevice 104. Design 110 may be for any suitable circuit or electricalcomponent (e.g., an integrated circuit, FPGA, hardware processor, memoryarray, system on chip, etc.). In response to receiving the design 110and/or instruction 116, compiler device 108 selects a machine learningmodel 118 to apply to the compilation of design 110. Compiler device 108may select a different machine learning model 118 to apply to differentphases of the compilation. The training of the selected model(s) 118will be described using FIGS. 3 and 4 . The selection of model(s) 118will be described using FIGS. 5 and 6 . In certain embodiments, byapplying selected model 118 to the compilation of the design 110,compiler device 108 reduces the compilation time and the resourcesconsumed during compilation.

In one embodiment, compilation is a process that includes severaldifferent phases. At each phase, a selected model 118 may be applied todetermine whether changes should be made to improve compilation timeand/or resource consumption. Different models 118 may be selected andapplied during different phases of the compilation. Generally, thephases of compilation include generating a netlist 120, logic adjustment122, placement 124, and routing 126. In one embodiment, these phasesoccur in sequence. Compiler device 108 may apply selected model 118during one or more of these phases.

Netlist 120 includes a listing of the components of a design and alisting of the connections between the components. Netlist 120 generallyincludes a listing of the components in design 110 and a listing of theconnections between these components. Netlist 120 thus provides apicture of the structure of design 110. During logic adjustment 122, thelogic in the design is adjusted to optimize the structure and its flow.During placement 124, compiler device 108 places virtual components intoa virtual design to emulate the design described by netlist 120. Duringrouting 126, the placed components are connected to one another toemulate the design described in netlist 120. After routing 126 iscomplete, test signals may be sent through the virtual design togenerate a bitstream 128. A user 102 or verification software may thenvalidate the bitstream 128 to determine whether the design is operatingas intended.

During certain phases of compilation, compiler device 108 applies aselected model 118 to determine whether adjustments should be made toimprove certain aspects of the compilation (e.g., compilation time,resource consumption, power consumption, efficiency, heat generation,and timing). For example, a selected model 118 may be applied to thefeatures in netlist 120 to determine whether the model 118 should beapplied during logic adjustment 122. If model 118 should be appliedduring logic adjustment 122, then model 118 is applied to determine aplace and route strategy to apply during logic adjustment 112. Logicadjustment 122 is then performed in accordance with this place and routestrategy.

Likewise, a selected model 118 may be applied to the adjusted logic todetermine whether the model 118 should be applied during placement 124.If the model 118 should be applied during placement 124, then the model118 is applied to determine a place and route strategy to apply duringplacement 124. Placement 124 is then performed in accordance with thisplace and route strategy.

Similarly, a selected model 118 may be applied to the placed componentsto determine whether the model 118 should be applied during routing 126.If the model 118 should be applied during routing 126, then the model118 is applied to determine a place and route strategy to apply duringrouting 126. Routing 126 is then performed in accordance with this placeand route strategy.

FIG. 1B provides further details of how compiler device 108 appliesmodel(s) 118 during compilation. During certain phases of compilation,compiler device 108 applies a selected model 118 to determine whetheradjustments should be made to improve certain aspects of the compilation(e.g., compilation time, resource consumption, power consumption,efficiency, heat generation, and timing). As seen in FIG. 1B, a selectedmodel 118 may include several different models (model A1 130, A2 140, A3150, B1 136, B2 146, and B3 156) that can be applied during differentphases of the compilation.

As an example, after netlist 120 is generated, compiler device 108 mayselect a model 118 to apply to the features of netlist 120. Compilerdevice 108 then applies model A1 130 of the selected model 118 tonetlist 120. Model A1 130 may be a portion of selected model 118 that,when applied, predicts a compile time 132 based on the features innetlist 120 (e.g., number of look up tables, number of registers, numberof flip flops, number of input/output connections, number of memories,estimated routing congestion). Compiler device 108 analyzes thepredicted compile time 132 to determine whether changes should be madeat this point to improve the compilation. Compiler device 108 maycompare compile time 132 to a threshold 134 to determine whether changesshould be made. In certain embodiments, compiler device 108 maydetermine whether compile time 132 exceeds threshold of 134. In someembodiments, compiler device 108 may determine that compile time 132falls within a time range or category defined by threshold 134. Ifcompile time 132 exceeds threshold 134 or if compile time 132 fallswithin a time range that is deemed too high, compiler device 108 maydetermine that changes should be made. In response, compiler device 108applies model B1 136 of the selected model 118 to netlist 120 to predicta place and route strategy 138. Model B1 136 may be a portion of theselected model 118 that analyzes features of netlist 120 (e.g., numberof look up tables, number of registers, number of flip flops, number ofinput/output connections, number of memories, estimated routingcongestion) to predict a place and route strategy 138 for adjusting thelogic of design 110. Place and route strategy 138 may reduce the amountof time it takes and/or the resources consumed to adjust the logic.Compiler device 108 may apply place and route strategy 138 to logicadjustment 122.

If compile time 132 does not exceed threshold 134 or if compile time 132falls within a time range or category that is not deemed too high, thencompiler device 108 may proceed to logic adjustment 122 without applyingmodel B1 136 to netlist 120. Stated differently, if compile time 132 isnot too high, then compiler device 108 may proceed to logic adjustment122 without making changes to the compilation process.

Compiler device 108 then applies a selected model 118 during logicadjustment 122. As discussed previously, the model 118 selected duringlogic adjustment 122 may not be the same model 118 selected for netlist120. The difference in model selection may be attributed to features innetlist 120 changing during logic adjustment 122 and/or new featuresbeing introduced during logic adjustment 122. After model 118 isselected, compiler device 108 applies model A2 140 of the selected model118 during logic adjustment 122 to predict compile time 142. Compiletime 142 may be different from compile time 132 because the logic in thedesign was adjusted during logic adjustment 122 and/or because model A2140 analyzes features of the adjusted logic (e.g., number of look uptables, number of registers, number of flip flops, number ofinput/output connections, number of memories, estimated routingcongestion) rather than features of netlist 120. Some of these featuresmay have changed during logic adjustment 122. Additionally, some ofthese features may be introduced during logic adjustment 122 but wereunavailable in the original netlist 120. Compiler device 108 comparescompile time 142 to threshold 144 to determine whether changes should bemade at this point of compilation. If compile time 142 exceeds threshold144 or if compile time 142 falls within a time range or category that isdeemed too high, then compiler device 108 applies model B2 146 of theselected model 118 to the adjusted logic to predict place and routestrategy 148. Model B2 146 may be a portion of selected model 118 thatanalyzes features of the adjusted logic (e.g., number of look up tables,number of registers, number of flip flops, number of input/outputconnections, number of memories, estimated routing congestion) topredict the place and route strategy 148 for placing components of theadjusted logic. For example, model B2 146 may predict the place androute strategy 148 that best reduces compilation time and/or resourcesconsumed when placing components of the virtual design. Compiler device108 applies place and route strategy 148 during placement 124 to adjustthe placement of components in the virtual design.

If compile time 142 does not exceed threshold 144 or if compile time 142falls into a time range or category that is not deemed too high, thencompiler device 108 may continue the compilation process withoutapplying model B2 146. Stated differently, if compiler device 108determines that compile time 142 is not too high, then compiler device108 may proceed to placement 124 without making changes to thecompilation process.

During placement 124, compiler device 108 places components of thevirtual design. Compiler device 108 then applies a selected model 118during placement 124. As discussed previously, the model selected duringplacement 124 may not be the same as the model selected during logicadjustment 122 or for netlist 120. The difference in model selection maybe attributed to features changing during placement 124 and/or newfeatures being introduced during placement 124. Compiler device 108applies model A3 150 of the selected model 118 to the placed componentsin the virtual design to predict a compile time 152. Model A3 150 may bea portion of selected model 118 that analyzes features of the placedcomponents (e.g., number of look up tables, number of registers, numberof flip flops, number of input/output connections, number of memories,estimated routing congestion) to predict compile time 152. Some of thesefeatures may have changed during placement 124. Additionally, some ofthese features may be introduced during placement 124 but wereunavailable in the original netlist 120 and during logic adjustment 122.Compiler device 108 compares compile time 152 with threshold 154 todetermine whether additional changes should be made to the routing ofcomponents in design 110. If compile time 152 exceeds threshold 154,compiler device 108 applies model B3 156 of the selected model 118 tothe placed components in the virtual design. In certain embodiments,compiler device 108 determines that compile time 152 exceeds threshold154 by determining that compile time 152 falls within a time range orcategory defined by threshold 154 that is deemed too high. Model B3 156may be a portion of selected model 118 that analyzes features of theplaced components (e.g., number of look up tables, number of registers,number of flip flops, number of input/output connections, number ofmemories, estimated routing congestion) to predict place and routestrategy 158. Place and route strategy 158 may be a strategy for routingthe placed components that reduces compile time and/or resourceconsumption during routing 126. Compiler device 108 may apply place androute strategy 158 to routing 126.

If compile time 152 does not exceed threshold 154, compiler device 108proceeds to routing 126 without applying model B3 156. Stateddifferently, if compiler device 108 determines that the predictedcompile time 152 is not too high, then compiler device 108 proceeds torouting 126 without making adjustments to the compilation process.

Compiler device 108 performs routing 126 to route the placed componentsin the virtual design. Compiler device 108 may perform routing 126 basedon place and route strategy 158 if model B3 156 was applied. Aftercompiler device 108 completes routing 126, compiler device 108 sendstest signals through the virtual design to generate bitstream 128. Auser 102 and/or a verification program then validates bitstream 128 todetermine whether the virtual design is operating as intended.

In certain embodiments, compiler device 108 launches compilationprocesses that are separate from the original compilation process whenit is determined that a compile time 132, 142, or 152 exceeds athreshold 134, 144, or 154. For example, if compiler device 108determines that compile time 132 exceeds threshold 134, compiler device108 may launch a separate compilation process that performs logicadjustment 122 based on place and route strategy 138. The originalcompilation process may proceed to logic adjustment 122 without applyingplace and route strategy 138. As a result, two separate compilationprocesses may proceed in parallel. Later on in the process, if compiletime 142 exceeds threshold 144, then compiler device 108 may againlaunch a separate compilation process that applies place and routestrategy 148 during placement 124. The original compilation process maycontinue to placement 124 without applying place and route strategy 148.As a result, three separate compilation processes may be proceeding inparallel. Stated differently, if compile time 132 exceeds threshold 134,or if compile time 142 exceeds threshold 144, or compile time 152exceeds threshold 154, compiler device 108 may launch a separatecompilation process at the point where the compile time 132, 142, or 152exceeds threshold 134, 144, or 154. Compiler device 108 may then applythe corresponding place and route strategy 138, 148, or 158 in theseparately launched compilation process.

In some embodiments, if compile time 142 does not exceed threshold 144in the original compilation process or the separately launchedcompilation process, then the separately launched compilation process isstopped or terminated. As a result, if compile time 142 does not exceedthreshold 144, compiler device 108 may deem separately launchedcompilation processes to be unnecessary and stop those processes. Theoriginal compilation process may then proceed. In some embodiments, whena separately launched compilation process completes, all remainingcompilation processes may be stopped or terminated. In this manner,compiler device 108 considers many different compilation strategies inparallel and uses the results from the compilation that finishes thefastest.

FIG. 1C illustrates how compiler device 108 may be used to improve thecompilation process in any general Electronic Design Automation (EDA)process. As seen in FIG. 1C, compilation during the EDA process mayinclude several phases 120C, 122C, 124C, and 126C. These phases 120C,122C, 124C, and 126C occur in sequence. In the example of FIG. 1B, thesephases were netlist 120, logic adjustment 122, placement 124, androuting 126. Compiler device 108 may select a model 118 to apply duringone or more phases 120C, 122C, 124C, and 126C of the compilationprocess. Similar to the example of FIG. 1B, the selected model(s) 118include models A1 130C, A2 140C, A3 150C, B1 136C, B2 146C, and B3 156C.Model(s) 118 may include even more models to accommodate compilationprocesses with more phases.

Similar to the example of FIG. 1B, compiler device 118 may select amodel 118 during a first phase 120C and apply Model A1 130C of theselected model 118 to features during the first phase 120C to predict aparticular cost function 132C that indicates a preference of a user(e.g., compile time, resource consumption, efficiency, powerconsumption, heat generation, etc.). This predicted cost function 132Cmay then be compared to a threshold 134C to determine whether model B1136C of the selected model 118 should be applied to predict animplementation strategy 138C. If model B1 136C is applied, thenimplementation strategy 138C is predicted and applied to a second phase122C. If not, then the compilation process proceeds to the second phase122C.

This process repeats for the second phase 122C, third phase 124C, and soforth as needed. For example, during each of these phases, a model 118may be selected based on features during these phases. A model A (e.g.,model A2 140C or A3 150C) may be applied to predict a cost function(e.g., cost function 142C or 152C). That cost function is compared to athreshold (e.g., threshold 144C or 154C) to determine whether a model B(e.g., model B2 146C or 156C) should be applied to predict animplementation strategy (e.g., implementation strategy 148C or 158C). Ifthe model B is applied, then the implementation strategy is predictedand applied to the subsequent phase. If not, then the compilationprocess proceeds to the subsequent phase.

FIG. 2 illustrates a flowchart of a process 200 for compiling a designin the example system 100 of FIGS. 1A, 1B, and/or 1C. Generally,compiler device 108 performs process 200. In particular embodiments,compiler device 108 reduces compilation time and/or resources consumedduring compilation by performing process 200.

Compiler device 108 begins by generating a netlist 120 for a design 110in 202. The design may be for a circuit or an electrical component suchas for example an FPGA design. The netlist 120 lists the components ofthe design and the connections between these components. Compiler device108 may analyze netlist 120 to determine whether adjustments should bemade during the compilation process.

In 204, compiler device 108 predicts, by applying a first machinelearning model 130, a compile time 132, 142, or 152. The first machinelearning model (e.g., models A1 130, A2 140, or A3 150 in FIG. 1B) maybe designed to predict a compile time based on features in netlist 120,features of the adjusted logic of design 110, or features of the placedcomponents of design 110.

In 206, compiler device 108 determines whether compile time 132, 142, or152 exceeds a threshold 134, 144, or 154. Compiler device 108 maycompare compile time 132, 142, or 152 to threshold 134, 144, or 154 tomake this determination. In some embodiments, compiler device 108determines whether compile time 132, 142, or 152 falls within a timerange or category defined by threshold 134, 144, or 154 that is deemedtoo high. If the compile time 132, 142, or 152 does not exceed threshold134, 144, or 154, compiler device 108 proceeds according to the originalcompile process in 214. Stated differently, compiler device 108 proceedsto logic adjustment 122, placement 124, or routing 126 without makingadjustments to the compilation process if the compile time 132, 142, or152 is not deemed too high.

If compile time 132, 142, or 152 exceeds threshold 134, 144, or 154,compiler device 108 launches a separate compile process in 208. Incertain embodiments, compiler device 108 does not perform 208. In 210,compiler device 108 predicts, by applying a second machine learningmodel (e.g., models B1 136, B2 146, or B3 156 in FIG. 1B), a place androute strategy 138, 148, or 158. The second machine learning model 136,146, 156 may be designed to predict a place and route strategy 138, 148,or 158 that reduces compilation time and/or resources consumed whenapplied. Generally, the second machine learning model analyzes featuresof netlist 120, features of the adjusted logic of design 110, orfeatures of the placed components of design 110 to predict place androute strategy 138, 148, or 158. In 212, compiler device 108 makesadjustments (e.g., adjusts logic of design 110, adjusts placement ofcomponents of design 110, or adjusts routing of components of design110) in accordance with the place and route strategy 138, 148, or 158.Stated differently, compiler device 108 performs logic adjustment 122,placement 124, or routing 126 in accordance with place and routestrategy 138, 148, or 158.

FIG. 3 illustrates the compiler device 108 of system 100 trainingmachine learning models. In one embodiment, the compiler device 108 usesthe techniques described in FIG. 3 to generate the machine learningmodels used in FIGS. 1A, 1B, 1C and 2 . Generally, compiler device 108trains a group of models that can be applied during a compile process.These models may be configured to consider different types of designs.As a result, compiler device 108 can enhance the compile process forseveral different types of designs by selecting a different model toapply in certain embodiments.

Compiler device 108 stores a base model 304 and base data 306 (e.g., inmemory 114). Base model 304 includes one or more machine learning modelsthat were trained using base data 306. Base data 306 may be generated bycompiling generic or more common designs for circuits and/or electricalcomponents. Base model 304 may be generated by analyzing base data 306using a machine learning technique. A manufacturer of compiler device108 or a developer of software executing on compiler device 108 may havegenerated base model 304 and or base data 306 by compiling commondesigns. Thus, when compiler device 108 is initially set up, compilerdevice 108 can apply base model 304 and/or base data 306 to enhance thecompilation of generic or more common designs.

Although the base model 304 can be used in the processes described inFIGS. 1B and 2 , because base model 304 and base data 306 were generatedusing generic or more common designs, base model 304 and/or base data306 may not be well suited for designs created by users 102. Forexample, the base model 304 may be a default machine learning model (ormodels) that is provided to a user, but the base model 304 may not suitthe user's desires. Compiler device 108 may generate additional modelsthat can be selected during compilation and that better suit the designsof the particular user 102. Compiler device 108 may receive one or moredesigns 302 that can be used to generate these additional models (e.g.,from users 102A and 102B). These designs 302 may be for any suitablecircuit or electrical component (e.g., integrated circuits, FPGAs,hardware processor, memory arrays, system on chip, etc.). These designs302 may have been created by users 102A and 102B. Compiler device 108may compile and/or analyze these designs 302 to train additional machinelearning models that can be used to enhance compilations of subsequentdesigns generated by users 102A and 102B. Stated differently, designs302 may serve as reference designs of users 102A and 102B that compilerdevice 108 may use to design models tailored to users 102A and 102B.

Compiler device 108 compiles and/or analyzes designs 302 to generatetraining data 308. Training data 308 may include information related tothe structure of designs 302 and information related to the compilationand or analyses of designs 302. For example, training data 308 mayidentify structural elements in design 302, such as then placement androuting of components. Additionally, training data 308 may indicate thecompilation times and/or the resources consumed during compilation ofparticular structures in designs 302. Compiler device 108 may analyzetraining data 308 to generate additional machine learning models thatcan be applied to subsequent compilations. In the example of FIG. 3 ,compiler device 108 analyzes training data 308 to generate a tuned model310. Compiler device 108 also analyzes both base data 306 and trainingdata 308 to generate a hybrid model 312. As a result, tuned model 310may be particularly tailored to designs created by users 102A and 102B,while hybrid model 312 may take into consideration the designs createdby users 102A and 102B and the generic or more common designs thatcompiler device 108 was initially set up to handle. These models may beapplied to enhance subsequent compilations.

Compiler device 108 may bias base model 304, tuned model 310, and/orhybrid model 312 based on the preferences of users 102A and 102B. Forexample, users 102A and 102B may select one or more cost functions 314that compiler device 108 uses to bias base model 304, tuned model 310,and/or hybrid model 312. These selected cost functions 314 representparticular preferences of users 102A and 102B. For example, if users102A and 102B prefer to reduce compilation time, then users 102A and102B may select a cost function 314 that biases towards reducingcompilation time (e.g., perhaps at the cost of increasing resourceconsumption). As another example, if users 102A and 102B prefer toreduce resource consumption, users 102A and 102B may select a costfunction 314 that biases towards reducing resource consumption (e.g.,perhaps at the cost of increasing compilation time). As another example,if users 102A and 102B prefer to reduce both compilation time andresource consumption, users 102A and 102B may select a cost function 314that balances the reduction of compilation time and resourceconsumption. Using the selected cost function 314, compiler device 108may adjust base model 304, tuned model 310, and/or hybrid model 312using the selected cost function 314 to introduce the bias into basemodel 304, tuned model 310 and/or hybrid model 312. In this manner, basemodel 304, tuned model 310, and/or hybrid model 312 may be adjustedand/or tailored to the preferences of users 102A and 102B. Users 102Aand 102B may select a cost function 314 for any suitable preference ofusers 102A and 102B. For example, users 102A and 102B may select costfunctions 314 for biasing towards power consumption, timing, efficiency,heat generation, etc.

As an example, if a user selected a cost function 314 indicating apreference for aggressively reducing compilation time, then compilerdevice 108 may bias base model 304, tuned model 310, and hybrid model312 towards reducing compile time. Compiler device 108 may change modelB1 136, model B2 146, and model B3 156 in these models to predict placeand route strategies 138, 148, and 158 that, when implemented, tryseveral different adjustments, placements, or routes to see whichreduces compile time the most. These types of strategies may result in areduction in compile time, but may cause resource consumption toincrease during compilation. Compiler device 108 may also reducethresholds 134, 144, and 154 so that model B1 136, model B2 146, andmodel B3 156 are applied more frequently to reduce compilation time.

On the other hand, if the user selected a cost function 314 indicating apreference for aggressively reducing resource consumption, then compilerdevice 108 may bias base model 304, tuned model 310, and hybrid model312 towards reducing resource consumption. Compiler device 108 maychange model B1 136, model B2 146, and model B3 156 in these models topredict place and route strategies 138, 148, and 158 that, whenimplemented, make few adjustments to the placement and routes. Thesetypes of strategies may result in a reduction in resource consumptionduring the compile process, but may cause the compile time to increase.

FIG. 4 illustrates a flowchart of a process 400 for training models inthe example system 100 of FIG. 1A. Generally, the compiler device 108may perform process 400 to train the models used in FIGS. 1A, 1B, 1C, 2,and 3 . In particular embodiments, by performing process 400, compilerdevice 108 reduces the compilation time and/or resource consumptionassociated with compiling designs.

Compiler device 108 begins by compiling a plurality of designs 302 togenerate training data 308 in 402. Designs 302 may be created by users102A and 102B and communicated to compiler device 108. Designs 302 maybe for any suitable circuit or electrical component (e.g., integratedcircuits, FPGAs, hardware processors, memory arrays, etc.). Compilerdevice 108 may compile and/or analyze designs 302 to generate trainingdata 308. The training data 308 may include information about thestructure within designs 302 and the compilation time and/or resourcesconsumed when compiling these structures.

In 404, compiler device 108 generates a tuned model 310 using thetraining data 308. As a result, tuned model 310 is designed to handlethe particular designs created by users 102A and 102B. This does notmean however, that tuned model 310 is always the best model to apply tothe designs of users 102A and 102B.

In 406, compiler device 108 generates a hybrid model 312 using thetraining data 308 and base data 306. Compiler device 108 may one or moreof base model 304, tuned model 310, and/or hybrid model 312, to enhancethe compilation of designs from users 102A and 102B. Base model 304 maybe designed to handle generic or more common designs. Tuned model 310may be designed to handle particular designs created by users 102A and102B. Hybrid model 312 may be designed to consider both the generic ormore common designs and the particular designs created by users 102A and102B.

In 408, compiler device 108 receives a selected cost function 314. Costfunction 314 may be selected by users 102A and or 102B based on theirpreferences for the compilation. For example, if users 102A and 102Bprefer to reduce compilation time, then users 102A and 102B may select acost function 314 that biases towards reducing compilation time. Asanother example, if users 102A and 102B prefer to reduce resourceconsumption during compilation, users 102A and 102B may select a costfunction 314 that biases towards reducing resource consumption. Users102A and 102B may also select a cost function 314 that balances thereduction of compilation time and resource consumption. This disclosurecontemplates users 102A and 102B selecting a cost function 314 thatfocuses on any suitable preferences of users 102A and 102B. For example,users 102A and 102B may select a cost function 314 that addresses powerconsumption, efficiency, and/or heat generation, to name a few examples.

In 410, compiler device 108 biases base model 304, tuned model 310,and/or hybrid model 312 using the selected cost function 314. Compilerdevice 108 may adjust one or more of these models using the selectedcost function 314 to skew these models towards focusing on thepreferences of users 102A and 102B. As a result, when these models areapplied, they will address the preferences and desires of users 102A and102B, in particular embodiments.

FIG. 5 illustrates a compiler device 108 of the example system 100 ofFIG. 1A selecting a model to apply to a compilation process. In oneembodiment, the compiler device 108 uses the techniques described inFIG. 5 to select the machine learning models used in FIGS. 1A, 1B, 1C,2, 3, and 4 , specifically the machine learning models selected duringthe different phases of a compilation process. Generally, compilerdevice 108 selects and applies an appropriate machine learning model toa design based on the features of that design. In particularembodiments, by selecting and applying the appropriate model to adesign, compiler device 108 reduces the compile time and/or resourcesconsumed during compilation.

As discussed previously, the compilation process begins when compilerdevice 108 receives an instruction 116. Instruction 116 may include aninstruction to compile a particular design. Compiler device 108 receivesa design 110, which may be a design for an integrated circuit, FPGA,etc. Instruction 116 may include an instruction to compile design 110.In response to instruction 116, compiler device 108 initiates thecomplication of design 110. The compilation process includes one or morephases 501. During each phase 501, compiler device 108 may select amodel 118 to apply according to the example of FIG. 5 .

For example, during a first phase 501, compiler device 108 generates anetlist 120 for design 110. Netlist 120 includes a listing of thecomponents in design 110 and a listing of the connections between thesecomponents. Netlist 120 thus provides a picture of the structure ofdesign 110. In particular embodiments, compiler device 108 identifiesone or more features 502 of design 110 from netlist 120. For example,netlist 120 may include a listing of these features 502. As anotherexample, compiler device 108 may determine these features 502 byanalyzing the listing of components and connections in the netlist 120.In the example of FIG. 5 , netlist 120 includes features 502A and 502B.This disclosure contemplates netlist 120, including any suitable numberof features 502.

Compiler device 108 then selects a machine learning model to apply tothe compilation of design 110 during the first phase 501. To determinewhich model should be selected, compiler device 108 compares thefeatures 502 in netlist 120 with the features listed in these models. Inthe example of FIG. 5 , compiler device 108 selects one of base model304, tune model 310, and hybrid model 312 to be applied. Compiler device108 may determine which of base model 304, tune model 310, and hybridmodel 312 should be selected by calculating distances between thefeatures 502 in netlist 120 and the features identified in base model304, tuned model 310, and hybrid model 312. In the example of FIG. 5 ,compiler device 108 determines a distance 510A between feature 502A andfeature 504A in base model 304 and a distance 510B between feature 502Band feature 504B in base model 304. Compiler device 108 also determinesa distance 512A between feature 502A and feature 506A in tuned model 310and a distance 512B between feature 502B and a feature 506B in tunedmodel 310. Compiler device 108 further determines a distance 514Abetween feature 502A and a feature 508A in hybrid model 312 and adistance 514B between feature 502B and a feature 508B in hybrid model312. Compiler device 108 may determine these distances using anysuitable process. For example, compiler device 108 may count a number ofdifferences between features to determine the distance. As anotherexample, compiler device 108 may cluster features and determine adistance between the centroids of clusters. By analyzing these distances510, 512, and 514, compiler device 108 may determine which of base model304, tuned model 310, and hybrid model 312 best approximates netlist 120and/or design 110.

In certain embodiments, compiler device 108 weighs the distances 510,512, and 514 based on the importance of certain features 502. Compilerdevice 108 may apply weights 516 to distances 510, 512, and 514 tocreate weighted distances 518, 520, and 524. Weights 516 may indicatethe relative importance of features 502 in netlist 120. In the exampleof FIG. 5 , weight 516A may correspond to feature 502A and weight 516Bmay correspond to feature 502B. As a result, weights 516A and 516Bindicate the relative importance of features 502A and 502B. For example,if weight 516A is greater than weight 516B, then feature 502A may beconsidered more important than feature 502B. On the other hand, ifweight 516B is greater than weight 516A, then feature 502B may beconsidered more important than feature 502A.

Compiler device 108 applies weights 516 to distances 510, 512, and 514to generate weighted distances 518, 520, and 524. For example, compilerdevice 108 may multiply distance 510A by weight 516A and distance 510Bby weight 516B. Compiler device 108 may then sum the result of these twomultiplications to produce weighted distance 518. Compiler device 108may also multiply distance 512A by weight 516A and distance 512B byweight 516B. Compiler device 108 may then sum the results of thesemultiplications to produce weighted distance 520. Compiler device 108may further multiply distance 514A by weight 516A and distance 514B byweight 516B. Compiler device 108 may then sum the results of thesemultiplications to produce weighted distance 524. Compiler device 108may apply any suitable number of weights 516 to any suitable number ofdistances. For example, if netlist 120 included ten different features502, then there may be ten different weights 516 to apply.

Compiler device 108 selects one of base model 304, tuned model 310, andhybrid model 312 based on weighted distances 518, 520, and 524. Forexample, compiler device 108 may select the model with the shortest ofweighted distance 518, 520, and 524. If weighted distance 518 is shorterthan weighted distances 520 and 524, then compiler device 108 selectsbase model 304. If weighted distance 520 is shorter than weighteddistances 518 and 524, then compiler device 108 selects tuned model 310.If weighted distance 524 is shorter than weighted distances 518 and 520,then compiler device 108 selects hybrid model 312. Compiler device 108then applies the selected model to the compilation of design 110.

Compiler process may repeat this process to select one of base model304, tuned model 310, and hybrid model 312 during subsequent phases 501of the compilation process. For example, compiler device 108 may repeatthis process during logic adjustment 122 and placement 124. Differentmodels may be selected during different phases 501 because the features502 may change from phase to phase. For example, even if base model 304was selected during a first phase 501, features 502 may change during asecond phase to cause tuned model 310 to be selected during the secondphase 501.

FIG. 6 illustrates a flowchart of a process 600 for selecting a model inthe example system 100 of FIG. 1A. Generally, the compiler device 108may perform process 600 to select the models used in the examples ofFIGS. 1A, 1B, 2, 3, 4, and 5 . In particular embodiments, by performingprocess 600, compiler device 108 reduces the compilation time and/orresources consumed when compiling a design.

Compiler device 108 begins by receiving an instruction 116 to compile adesign 110 in 602. In certain embodiments, the design 110 is an FPGAdesign. In response to receiving instruction 116, compiler device 108initiates compilation of the design 110.

In 604, compiler device 108 generates a netlist 120 for the design 110.Netlist 120 may include a listing of the components of the design 110and a listing of the connections between the components. Compiler device108 may analyze netlist 120 to determine an appropriate model to applyto the compilation of the design 110.

In 606, compiler device 108 calculates a distance 518 between thenetlist 120 and a base model 304. In certain embodiments, compilerdevice 108 calculates distance 518 by determining distances 510 betweenfeatures 502 in netlist 120 and features 504 in base model 304. Compilerdevice 108 may apply weights 516 to these distances 510 to producedistance 518.

In 608, compiler device 108 calculates a distance 520 between thenetlist 120 and a tuned model 310. In certain embodiments, compilerdevice 108 calculates distance 520 by determining distances 512 betweenfeatures 502 in netlist 120 and features 506 in tuned model 310.Compiler device 108 may apply weights 516 to these distances 512 todetermine distance 520.

In 610, compiler device 108 calculates a distance 524 between thenetlist 120 and a hybrid model 312. In certain embodiments, compilerdevice 108 calculates distance 524 by determining distances 514 betweenfeatures 502 in netlist 120 and features 508 in hybrid model 312.Compiler device 108 then applies weights 516 to these distances 514 todetermine distance 524.

In 612, compiler device 108 selects one of the base model 304, tunedmodel 310, or hybrid model 312 based on the calculated distances 518,520, and 524. In certain embodiments, compiler device 108 selects themodel with the shortest associated distance 518, 520, or 524.

In 614, compiler device 108 compiles the design using the selectedmodel. In particular embodiments, by applying the selected model to thecompilation of the design, compiler device 108 reduces the compilationtime and/or resources consumed during compilation.

Although the example of compiling an FPGA design has been used, thisdisclosure contemplates that compiler device 108 may be used during thecompilation of any suitable device, such as for example any suitablecircuit and/or any suitable electrical component. For example, compilerdevice 108 may be used in the design of integrated circuits.Additionally, although the example of reducing compile time resourceconsumption is described, this disclosure contemplates compiler device108 being configured to address any concern of a user 102. For example,a user 102 may select any suitable cost function 314 that addresses anyconcern of the user. The user 102 may select a cost function 314 thatfocuses on improving factors other than compilation time and resourceconsumption, such as for example efficiency, power consumption, etc.Compiler device 108 may bias the machine learning models towards theselected cost functions 314 such that when these machine learning modelsare applied during compilation, the machine learning models will predictplace and route strategies that optimize these other factors.

FIG. 7 illustrates an example set of processes 700 used during thedesign, verification, and fabrication of an article of manufacture suchas an integrated circuit or FPGA to transform and verify design data andinstructions that represent the integrated circuit. Each of theseprocesses can be structured and enabled as multiple modules oroperations. The term ‘EDA’ signifies the term ‘Electronic DesignAutomation.’ These processes start with the creation of a product idea710 with information supplied by a designer, information which istransformed to create an article of manufacture that uses a set of EDAprocesses 712. When the design is finalized, the design is taped-out734, which is when artwork (e.g., geometric patterns) for the integratedcircuit is sent to a fabrication facility to manufacture the mask set,which is then used to manufacture the integrated circuit. Aftertape-out, a semiconductor die is fabricated 736 and packaging andassembly processes 738 are performed to produce the finished integratedcircuit 740.

Specifications for a circuit or electronic structure may range fromlow-level transistor material layouts to high-level descriptionlanguages. A high-level of abstraction may be used to design circuitsand systems, using a hardware description language (‘HDL’) such as VHDL,Verilog, SystemVerilog, SystemC, MyHDL or OpenVera. The HDL descriptioncan be transformed to a logic-level register transfer level (‘RTL’)description, a gate-level description, a layout-level description, or amask-level description. Each lower abstraction level that is a lessabstract description adds more useful detail into the designdescription, for example, more details for the modules that include thedescription. The lower levels of abstraction that are less abstractdescriptions can be generated by a computer, derived from a designlibrary, or created by another design automation process. An example ofa specification language at a lower level of abstraction language forspecifying more detailed descriptions is SPICE, which is used fordetailed descriptions of circuits with many analog components.Descriptions at each level of abstraction are enabled for use by thecorresponding tools of that layer (e.g., a formal verification tool). Adesign process may use a sequence depicted in FIG. 7 . The processesdescribed by be enabled by EDA products (or tools).

During system design 714, functionality of an integrated circuit to bemanufactured is specified. The design may be optimized for desiredcharacteristics such as power consumption, performance, area (physicaland/or lines of code), and reduction of costs, etc. Partitioning of thedesign into different types of modules or components can occur at thisstage.

During logic design and functional verification 716, modules orcomponents in the circuit are specified in one or more descriptionlanguages and the specification is checked for functional accuracy. Forexample, the components of the circuit may be verified to generateoutputs that match the requirements of the specification of the circuitor system being designed. Functional verification may use simulators andother programs such as testbench generators, static HDL checkers, andformal verifiers. In some embodiments, special systems of componentsreferred to as ‘emulators’ or ‘prototyping systems’ are used to speed upthe functional verification.

During synthesis and design for test 718, HDL code is transformed to anetlist. In some embodiments, a netlist may be a graph structure whereedges of the graph structure represent components of a circuit and wherethe nodes of the graph structure represent how the components areinterconnected. Both the HDL code and the netlist are hierarchicalarticles of manufacture that can be used by an EDA product to verifythat the integrated circuit, when manufactured, performs according tothe specified design. The netlist can be optimized for a targetsemiconductor manufacturing technology. Additionally, the finishedintegrated circuit may be tested to verify that the integrated circuitsatisfies the requirements of the specification.

During netlist verification 720, the netlist is checked for compliancewith timing constraints and for correspondence with the HDL code. Duringdesign planning 722, an overall floor plan for the integrated circuit isconstructed and analyzed for timing and top-level routing.

During layout or physical implementation 724, physical placement(positioning of circuit components such as transistors or capacitors)and routing (connection of the circuit components by multipleconductors) occurs, and the selection of cells from a library to enablespecific logic functions can be performed. As used herein, the term‘cell’ may specify a set of transistors, other components, andinterconnections that provides a Boolean logic function (e.g., AND, OR,NOT, XOR) or a storage function (such as a flipflop or latch). As usedherein, a circuit ‘block’ may refer to two or more cells. Both a celland a circuit block can be referred to as a module or component and areenabled as both physical structures and in simulations. Parameters arespecified for selected cells (based on ‘standard cells’) such as sizeand made accessible in a database for use by EDA products.

During analysis and extraction 726, the circuit function is verified atthe layout level, which permits refinement of the layout design. Duringphysical verification 728, the layout design is checked to ensure thatmanufacturing constraints are correct, such as DRC constraints,electrical constraints, lithographic constraints, and that circuitryfunction matches the HDL design specification. During resolutionenhancement 730, the geometry of the layout is transformed to improvehow the circuit design is manufactured.

During tape-out, data is created to be used (after lithographicenhancements are applied if appropriate) for production of lithographymasks. During mask data preparation 732, the ‘tape-out’ data is used toproduce lithography masks that are used to produce finished integratedcircuits.

A storage subsystem of a computer system (such as computer system 900 ofFIG. 9 , or host system 807 of FIG. 8 ) may be used to store theprograms and data structures that are used by some or all of the EDAproducts described herein, and products used for development of cellsfor the library and for physical and logical design that use thelibrary.

FIG. 8 depicts an abstract diagram of an example emulation environment800. An emulation environment 800 may be configured to verify thefunctionality of the circuit design. The emulation environment 800 mayinclude a host system 807 (e.g., a computer that is part of an EDAsystem) and an emulation system 802 (e.g., a set of programmable devicessuch as Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs) or processors). The hostsystem generates data and information by using a compiler 810 tostructure the emulation system to emulate a circuit design. A circuitdesign to be emulated is also referred to as a Design Under Test (‘DUT’)where data and information from the emulation are used to verify thefunctionality of the DUT.

The host system 807 may include one or more processors. In theembodiment where the host system includes multiple processors, thefunctions described herein as being performed by the host system can bedistributed among the multiple processors. The host system 807 mayinclude a compiler 810 to transform specifications written in adescription language that represents a DUT and to produce data (e.g.,binary data) and information that is used to structure the emulationsystem 802 to emulate the DUT. The compiler 810 can transform, change,restructure, add new functions to, and/or control the timing of the DUT.

The host system 807 and emulation system 802 exchange data andinformation using signals carried by an emulation connection. Theconnection can be, but is not limited to, one or more electrical cablessuch as cables with pin structures compatible with the RecommendedStandard 232 (RS232) or universal serial bus (USB) protocols. Theconnection can be a wired communication medium or network such as alocal area network or a wide area network such as the Internet. Theconnection can be a wireless communication medium or a network with oneor more points of access using a wireless protocol such as BLUETOOTH orIEEE 802.11. The host system 807 and emulation system 802 can exchangedata and information through a third device such as a network server.

The emulation system 802 includes multiple FPGAs (or other modules) suchas FPGAs 804 ₁ and 804 ₂ as well as additional FPGAs to 804 _(N). EachFPGA can include one or more FPGA interfaces through which the FPGA isconnected to other FPGAs (and potentially other emulation components)for the FPGAs to exchange signals. An FPGA interface can be referred toas an input/output pin or an FPGA pad. While an emulator may includeFPGAs, embodiments of emulators can include other types of logic blocksinstead of, or along with, the FPGAs for emulating DUTs. For example,the emulation system 802 can include custom FPGAs, specialized ASICs foremulation or prototyping, memories, and input/output devices.

A programmable device can include an array of programmable logic blocksand a hierarchy of interconnections that can enable the programmablelogic blocks to be interconnected according to the descriptions in theHDL code. Each of the programmable logic blocks can enable complexcombinational functions or enable logic gates such as AND, and XOR logicblocks. In some embodiments, the logic blocks also can include memoryelements/devices, which can be simple latches, flip-flops, or otherblocks of memory. Depending on the length of the interconnectionsbetween different logic blocks, signals can arrive at input terminals ofthe logic blocks at different times and thus may be temporarily storedin the memory elements/devices.

FPGAs 804 ₁-804 _(N) may be placed onto one or more boards 812 ₁ and 812₂ as well as additional boards through 812 _(M). Multiple boards can beplaced into an emulation unit 814 ₁. The boards within an emulation unitcan be connected using the backplane of the emulation unit or any othertypes of connections. In addition, multiple emulation units (e.g., 814 ₁and 814 ₂ through 814 _(K)) can be connected to each other by cables orany other means to form a multi-emulation unit system.

For a DUT that is to be emulated, the host system 807 transmits one ormore bit files to the emulation system 802. The bit files may specify adescription of the DUT and may further specify partitions of the DUTcreated by the host system 807 with trace and injection logic, mappingsof the partitions to the FPGAs of the emulator, and design constraints.Using the bit files, the emulator structures the FPGAs to perform thefunctions of the DUT. In some embodiments, one or more FPGAs of theemulators may have the trace and injection logic built into the siliconof the FPGA. In such an embodiment, the FPGAs may not be structured bythe host system to emulate trace and injection logic.

The host system 807 receives a description of a DUT that is to beemulated. In some embodiments, the DUT description is in a descriptionlanguage (e.g., a register transfer language (RTL)). In someembodiments, the DUT description is in netlist level files or a mix ofnetlist level files and HDL files. If part of the DUT description or theentire DUT description is in an HDL, then the host system can synthesizethe DUT description to create a gate level netlist using the DUTdescription. A host system can use the netlist of the DUT to partitionthe DUT into multiple partitions where one or more of the partitionsinclude trace and injection logic. The trace and injection logic tracesinterface signals that are exchanged via the interfaces of an FPGA.Additionally, the trace and injection logic can inject traced interfacesignals into the logic of the FPGA. The host system maps each partitionto an FPGA of the emulator. In some embodiments, the trace and injectionlogic is included in select partitions for a group of FPGAs. The traceand injection logic can be built into one or more of the FPGAs of anemulator. The host system can synthesize multiplexers to be mapped intothe FPGAs. The multiplexers can be used by the trace and injection logicto inject interface signals into the DUT logic.

The host system creates bit files describing each partition of the DUTand the mapping of the partitions to the FPGAs. For partitions in whichtrace and injection logic are included, the bit files also describe thelogic that is included. The bit files can include place and routeinformation and design constraints. The host system stores the bit filesand information describing which FPGAs are to emulate each component ofthe DUT (e.g., to which FPGAs each component is mapped).

Upon request, the host system transmits the bit files to the emulator.The host system signals the emulator to start the emulation of the DUT.During emulation of the DUT or at the end of the emulation, the hostsystem receives emulation results from the emulator through theemulation connection. Emulation results are data and informationgenerated by the emulator during the emulation of the DUT which includeinterface signals and states of interface signals that have been tracedby the trace and injection logic of each FPGA. The host system can storethe emulation results and/or transmits the emulation results to anotherprocessing system.

After emulation of the DUT, a circuit designer can request to debug acomponent of the DUT. If such a request is made, the circuit designercan specify a time period of the emulation to debug. The host systemidentifies which FPGAs are emulating the component using the storedinformation. The host system retrieves stored interface signalsassociated with the time period and traced by the trace and injectionlogic of each identified FPGA. The host system signals the emulator tore-emulate the identified FPGAs. The host system transmits the retrievedinterface signals to the emulator to re-emulate the component for thespecified time period. The trace and injection logic of each identifiedFPGA injects its respective interface signals received from the hostsystem into the logic of the DUT mapped to the FPGA. In case of multiplere-emulations of an FPGA, merging the results produces a full debugview.

The host system receives, from the emulation system, signals traced bylogic of the identified FPGAs during the re-emulation of the component.The host system stores the signals received from the emulator. Thesignals traced during the re-emulation can have a higher sampling ratethan the sampling rate during the initial emulation. For example, in theinitial emulation a traced signal can include a saved state of thecomponent every X milliseconds. However, in the re-emulation the tracedsignal can include a saved state every Y milliseconds where Y is lessthan X. If the circuit designer requests to view a waveform of a signaltraced during the re-emulation, the host system can retrieve the storedsignal and display a plot of the signal. For example, the host systemcan generate a waveform of the signal. Afterwards, the circuit designercan request to re-emulate the same component for a different time periodor to re-emulate another component.

A host system 807 and/or the compiler 810 may include sub-systems suchas, but not limited to, a design synthesizer sub-system, a mappingsub-system, a run time sub-system, a results sub-system, a debugsub-system, a waveform sub-system, and a storage sub-system. Thesub-systems can be structured and enabled as individual or multiplemodules or two or more may be structured as a module. Together thesesub-systems structure the emulator and monitor the emulation results.

The design synthesizer sub-system transforms the HDL that isrepresenting a DUT 805 into gate level logic. For a DUT that is to beemulated, the design synthesizer sub-system receives a description ofthe DUT. If the description of the DUT is fully or partially in HDL(e.g., RTL or other level of abstraction), the design synthesizersub-system synthesizes the HDL of the DUT to create a gate-level netlistwith a description of the DUT in terms of gate level logic.

The mapping sub-system partitions DUTs and maps the partitions intoemulator FPGAs. The mapping sub-system partitions a DUT at the gatelevel into a number of partitions using the netlist of the DUT. For eachpartition, the mapping sub-system retrieves a gate level description ofthe trace and injection logic and adds the logic to the partition. Asdescribed above, the trace and injection logic included in a partitionis used to trace signals exchanged via the interfaces of an FPGA towhich the partition is mapped (trace interface signals). The trace andinjection logic can be added to the DUT prior to the partitioning. Forexample, the trace and injection logic can be added by the designsynthesizer sub-system prior to or after the synthesizing the HDL of theDUT.

In addition to including the trace and injection logic, the mappingsub-system can include additional tracing logic in a partition to tracethe states of certain DUT components that are not traced by the traceand injection. The mapping sub-system can include the additional tracinglogic in the DUT prior to the partitioning or in partitions after thepartitioning. The design synthesizer sub-system can include theadditional tracing logic in an HDL description of the DUT prior tosynthesizing the HDL description.

The mapping sub-system maps each partition of the DUT to an FPGA of theemulator. For partitioning and mapping, the mapping sub-system usesdesign rules, design constraints (e.g., timing or logic constraints),and information about the emulator. For components of the DUT, themapping sub-system stores information in the storage sub-systemdescribing which FPGAs are to emulate each component.

Using the partitioning and the mapping, the mapping sub-system generatesone or more bit files that describe the created partitions and themapping of logic to each FPGA of the emulator. The bit files can includeadditional information such as constraints of the DUT and routinginformation of connections between FPGAs and connections within eachFPGA. The mapping sub-system can generate a bit file for each partitionof the DUT and can store the bit file in the storage sub-system. Uponrequest from a circuit designer, the mapping sub-system transmits thebit files to the emulator, and the emulator can use the bit files tostructure the FPGAs to emulate the DUT.

If the emulator includes specialized ASICs that include the trace andinjection logic, the mapping sub-system can generate a specificstructure that connects the specialized ASICs to the DUT. In someembodiments, the mapping sub-system can save the information of thetraced/injected signal and where the information is stored on thespecialized ASIC.

The run time sub-system controls emulations performed by the emulator.The run time sub-system can cause the emulator to start or stopexecuting an emulation. Additionally, the run time sub-system canprovide input signals and data to the emulator. The input signals can beprovided directly to the emulator through the connection or indirectlythrough other input signal devices. For example, the host system cancontrol an input signal device to provide the input signals to theemulator. The input signal device can be, for example, a test board(directly or through cables), signal generator, another emulator, oranother host system.

The results sub-system processes emulation results generated by theemulator. During emulation and/or after completing the emulation, theresults sub-system receives emulation results from the emulatorgenerated during the emulation. The emulation results include signalstraced during the emulation. Specifically, the emulation results includeinterface signals traced by the trace and injection logic emulated byeach FPGA and can include signals traced by additional logic included inthe DUT. Each traced signal can span multiple cycles of the emulation. Atraced signal includes multiple states and each state is associated witha time of the emulation. The results sub-system stores the tracedsignals in the storage sub-system. For each stored signal, the resultssub-system can store information indicating which FPGA generated thetraced signal.

The debug sub-system allows circuit designers to debug DUT components.After the emulator has emulated a DUT and the results sub-system hasreceived the interface signals traced by the trace and injection logicduring the emulation, a circuit designer can request to debug acomponent of the DUT by re-emulating the component for a specific timeperiod. In a request to debug a component, the circuit designeridentifies the component and indicates a time period of the emulation todebug. The circuit designer's request can include a sampling rate thatindicates how often states of debugged components should be saved bylogic that traces signals.

The debug sub-system identifies one or more FPGAs of the emulator thatare emulating the component using the information stored by the mappingsub-system in the storage sub-system. For each identified FPGA, thedebug sub-system retrieves, from the storage sub-system, interfacesignals traced by the trace and injection logic of the FPGA during thetime period indicated by the circuit designer. For example, the debugsub-system retrieves states traced by the trace and injection logic thatare associated with the time period.

The debug sub-system transmits the retrieved interface signals to theemulator. The debug sub-system instructs the debug sub-system to use theidentified FPGAs and for the trace and injection logic of eachidentified FPGA to inject its respective traced signals into logic ofthe FPGA to re-emulate the component for the requested time period. Thedebug sub-system can further transmit the sampling rate provided by thecircuit designer to the emulator so that the tracing logic traces statesat the proper intervals.

To debug the component, the emulator can use the FPGAs to which thecomponent has been mapped. Additionally, the re-emulation of thecomponent can be performed at any point specified by the circuitdesigner.

For an identified FPGA, the debug sub-system can transmit instructionsto the emulator to load multiple emulator FPGAs with the sameconfiguration of the identified FPGA. The debug sub-system additionallysignals the emulator to use the multiple FPGAs in parallel. Each FPGAfrom the multiple FPGAs is used with a different time window of theinterface signals to generate a larger time window in a shorter amountof time. For example, the identified FPGA can require an hour or more touse a certain amount of cycles. However, if multiple FPGAs have the samedata and structure of the identified FPGA and each of these FPGAs runs asubset of the cycles, the emulator can require a few minutes for theFPGAs to collectively use all the cycles.

A circuit designer can identify a hierarchy or a list of DUT signals tore-emulate. To enable this, the debug sub-system determines the FPGAneeded to emulate the hierarchy or list of signals, retrieves thenecessary interface signals, and transmits the retrieved interfacesignals to the emulator for re-emulation. Thus, a circuit designer canidentify any element (e.g., component, device, or signal) of the DUT todebug/re-emulate.

The waveform sub-system generates waveforms using the traced signals. Ifa circuit designer requests to view a waveform of a signal traced duringan emulation run, the host system retrieves the signal from the storagesub-system. The waveform sub-system displays a plot of the signal. Forone or more signals, when the signals are received from the emulator,the waveform sub-system can automatically generate the plots of thesignals.

FIG. 9 illustrates an example machine of a computer system 900 withinwhich a set of instructions, for causing the machine to perform any oneor more of the methodologies discussed herein, may be executed. Inalternative implementations, the machine may be connected (e.g.,networked) to other machines in a LAN, an intranet, an extranet, and/orthe Internet. The machine may operate in the capacity of a server or aclient machine in client-server network environment, as a peer machinein a peer-to-peer (or distributed) network environment, or as a serveror a client machine in a cloud computing infrastructure or environment.

The machine may be a personal computer (PC), a tablet PC, a set-top box(STB), a Personal Digital Assistant (PDA), a cellular telephone, a webappliance, a server, a network router, a switch or bridge, or anymachine capable of executing a set of instructions (sequential orotherwise) that specify actions to be taken by that machine. Further,while a single machine is illustrated, the term “machine” shall also betaken to include any collection of machines that individually or jointlyexecute a set (or multiple sets) of instructions to perform any one ormore of the methodologies discussed herein.

The example computer system 900 includes a processing device 902, a mainmemory 904 (e.g., read-only memory (ROM), flash memory, dynamic randomaccess memory (DRAM) such as synchronous DRAM (SDRAM), a static memory906 (e.g., flash memory, static random access memory (SRAM), etc.), anda data storage device 918, which communicate with each other via a bus930.

Processing device 902 represents one or more processors such as amicroprocessor, a central processing unit, or the like. Moreparticularly, the processing device may be complex instruction setcomputing (CISC) microprocessor, reduced instruction set computing(RISC) microprocessor, very long instruction word (VLIW) microprocessor,or a processor implementing other instruction sets, or processorsimplementing a combination of instruction sets. Processing device 902may also be one or more special-purpose processing devices such as anapplication specific integrated circuit (ASIC), a field programmablegate array (FPGA), a digital signal processor (DSP), network processor,or the like. The processing device 902 may be configured to executeinstructions 926 for performing the operations and steps describedherein.

The computer system 900 may further include a network interface device908 to communicate over the network 920. The computer system 900 alsomay include a video display unit 910 (e.g., a liquid crystal display(LCD) or a cathode ray tube (CRT)), an alphanumeric input device 912(e.g., a keyboard), a cursor control device 914 (e.g., a mouse), agraphics processing unit 922, a signal generation device 916 (e.g., aspeaker), graphics processing unit 922, video processing unit 928, andaudio processing unit 932.

The data storage device 918 may include a machine-readable storagemedium 924 (also known as a non-transitory computer-readable medium) onwhich is stored one or more sets of instructions 926 or softwareembodying any one or more of the methodologies or functions describedherein. The instructions 926 may also reside, completely or at leastpartially, within the main memory 904 and/or within the processingdevice 902 during execution thereof by the computer system 900, the mainmemory 904 and the processing device 902 also constitutingmachine-readable storage media.

In some implementations, the instructions 926 include instructions toimplement functionality corresponding to the present disclosure. Whilethe machine-readable storage medium 924 is shown in an exampleimplementation to be a single medium, the term “machine-readable storagemedium” should be taken to include a single medium or multiple media(e.g., a centralized or distributed database, and/or associated cachesand servers) that store the one or more sets of instructions. The term“machine-readable storage medium” shall also be taken to include anymedium that is capable of storing or encoding a set of instructions forexecution by the machine and that cause the machine and the processingdevice 902 to perform any one or more of the methodologies of thepresent disclosure. The term “machine-readable storage medium” shallaccordingly be taken to include, but not be limited to, solid-statememories, optical media, and magnetic media.

Some portions of the preceding detailed descriptions have been presentedin terms of algorithms and symbolic representations of operations ondata bits within a computer memory. These algorithmic descriptions andrepresentations are the ways used by those skilled in the dataprocessing arts to most effectively convey the substance of their workto others skilled in the art. An algorithm may be a sequence ofoperations leading to a desired result. The operations are thoserequiring physical manipulations of physical quantities. Such quantitiesmay take the form of electrical or magnetic signals capable of beingstored, combined, compared, and otherwise manipulated. Such signals maybe referred to as bits, values, elements, symbols, characters, terms,numbers, or the like.

It should be borne in mind, however, that all of these and similar termsare to be associated with the appropriate physical quantities and aremerely convenient labels applied to these quantities. Unlessspecifically stated otherwise as apparent from the present disclosure,it is appreciated that throughout the description, certain terms referto the action and processes of a computer system, or similar electroniccomputing device, that manipulates and transforms data represented asphysical (electronic) quantities within the computer system's registersand memories into other data similarly represented as physicalquantities within the computer system memories or registers or othersuch information storage devices.

The present disclosure also relates to an apparatus for performing theoperations herein. This apparatus may be specially constructed for theintended purposes, or it may include a computer selectively activated orreconfigured by a computer program stored in the computer. Such acomputer program may be stored in a computer readable storage medium,such as, but not limited to, any type of disk including floppy disks,optical disks, CD-ROMs, and magnetic-optical disks, read-only memories(ROMs), random access memories (RAMs), EPROMs, EEPROMs, magnetic oroptical cards, or any type of media suitable for storing electronicinstructions, each coupled to a computer system bus.

The algorithms and displays presented herein are not inherently relatedto any particular computer or other apparatus. Various other systems maybe used with programs in accordance with the teachings herein, or it mayprove convenient to construct a more specialized apparatus to performthe method. In addition, the present disclosure is not described withreference to any particular programming language. It will be appreciatedthat a variety of programming languages may be used to implement theteachings of the disclosure as described herein.

The present disclosure may be provided as a computer program product, orsoftware, that may include a machine-readable medium having storedthereon instructions, which may be used to program a computer system (orother electronic devices) to perform a process according to the presentdisclosure. A machine-readable medium includes any mechanism for storinginformation in a form readable by a machine (e.g., a computer). Forexample, a machine-readable (e.g., computer-readable) medium includes amachine (e.g., a computer) readable storage medium such as a read onlymemory (“ROM”), random access memory (“RAM”), magnetic disk storagemedia, optical storage media, flash memory devices, etc.

In the foregoing disclosure, implementations of the disclosure have beendescribed with reference to specific example implementations thereof. Itwill be evident that various modifications may be made thereto withoutdeparting from the broader spirit and scope of implementations of thedisclosure as set forth in the following claims. Where the disclosurerefers to some elements in the singular tense, more than one element canbe depicted in the FIGs and like elements are labeled with likenumerals. The disclosure and drawings are, accordingly, to be regardedin an illustrative sense rather than a restrictive sense.

What is claimed is:
 1. A method comprising: storing a base modelgenerated using base data; receiving training data generated bycompiling circuit designs; generating, using the training data, a tunedmodel; generating, using the training data and the base data, a hybridmodel, wherein the base model, the tuned model, and the hybrid modeleffects of place and route strategies; receiving a cost functionselected from a plurality of cost functions comprising a first costfunction that biases towards reducing compilation time, a second costfunction that biases towards reducing resource consumption duringcompilation, and a third cost function that biases towards both reducingcompilation time and reducing resource consumption during compilation;and biasing the base model, the tuned model, and the hybrid model usingthe selected cost function.
 2. The method of claim 1, furthercomprising: generating a netlist for a circuit design; predicting, byapplying a first machine learning model to the netlist, a first compiletime for the circuit design; selecting a second machine learning modelfrom the base model, the tuned model, and the hybrid model based on thefirst compile time and based on distances between the netlist and thebase model, the tuned model, and the hybrid model; predicting, byapplying a second machine learning model to the netlist, a first placeand route strategy based on the first compile time; and adjusting alogic of the circuit design in accordance with the first place and routestrategy.
 3. The method of claim 2, further comprising: predicting, byapplying a third machine learning model to the adjusted logic, a secondcompile time for the circuit design; selecting a fourth machine learningmodel from the base model, the tuned model, and the hybrid model basedon the second compile time and based on distances between the adjustedlogic and the base model, the tuned model, and the hybrid model;predicting, by applying a fourth machine learning model to the adjustedlogic, a second place and route strategy based on the second compiletime; and placing components of the circuit design in accordance withthe second place and route strategy.
 4. The method of claim 3, furthercomprising: predicting, by applying a fifth machine learning model tothe placed components, a third compile time for the circuit design;selecting a sixth machine learning model from the base model, the tunedmodel, and the hybrid model based on the third compile time and based ondistances between the placed components and the base model, the tunedmodel, and the hybrid model; predicting, by applying a sixth machinelearning model to the placed components, a third place and routestrategy based on the third compile time; and routing the components inaccordance with the third place and route strategy.
 5. The method ofclaim 4, further comprising generating a bitstream in accordance withthe routing of the components.
 6. The method of claim 2, furthercomprising selecting the base model in response to a determination thata first distance between the netlist and the circuit design is less thana second distance between the netlist and the training data used togenerate the tuned model and a third distance between the netlist andthe training data and the base data used to generate the hybrid model.7. An apparatus comprising: a memory; and a processor communicativelycoupled to the memory, the processor configured to: store a base modelgenerated using base data; receive training data generated by compilingcircuit designs; generate, using the training data, a tuned model;generate, using the training data and the base data, a hybrid model,wherein the base model, the tuned model, and the hybrid model effects ofplace and route strategies; receive a cost function selected from aplurality of cost functions comprising a first cost function that biasestowards reducing compilation time, a second cost function that biasestowards reducing resource consumption during compilation, and a thirdcost function that biases towards both reducing compilation time andreducing resource consumption during compilation; and bias the basemodel, the tuned model, and the hybrid model using the selected costfunction.
 8. The apparatus of claim 7, wherein the processor is furtherconfigured to: generate a netlist for a circuit design; predict, byapplying a first machine learning model to the netlist, a first compiletime for the circuit design; select a second machine learning model fromthe base model, the tuned model, and the hybrid model based on the firstcompile time and based on distances between the netlist and the basemodel, the tuned model, and the hybrid model; predict, by applying asecond machine learning model to the netlist, a first place and routestrategy based on the first compile time; and adjust a logic of thecircuit design in accordance with the first place and route strategy. 9.The apparatus of claim 8, wherein the processor is further configuredto: predict, by applying a third machine learning model to the adjustedlogic, a second compile time for the circuit design; select a fourthmachine learning model from the base model, the tuned model, and thehybrid model based on the second compile time and based on distancesbetween the adjusted logic and the base model, the tuned model, and thehybrid model; predict, by applying a fourth machine learning model tothe adjusted logic, a second place and route strategy based on thesecond compile time; and place components of the circuit design inaccordance with the second place and route strategy.
 10. The apparatusof claim 9, wherein the processor is further configured to: predict, byapplying a fifth machine learning model to the placed components, athird compile time for the circuit design; select a sixth machinelearning model from the base model, the tuned model, and the hybridmodel based on the third compile time and based on distances between theplaced components and the base model, the tuned model, and the hybridmodel; predict, by applying a sixth machine learning model to the placedcomponents, a third place and route strategy based on the third compiletime; and route the components in accordance with the third place androute strategy.
 11. The apparatus of claim 10, wherein the processor isfurther configured to generate a bitstream in accordance with therouting of the components.
 12. The apparatus of claim 8, wherein theprocessor is further configured to select the base model in response toa determination that a first distance between the netlist and thecircuit design is less than a second distance between the netlist andthe training data used to generate the tuned model and a third distancebetween the netlist and the training data and the base data used togenerate the hybrid model.
 13. A non-transitory computer readable mediumstoring instructions that, when executed by a processor, cause theprocessor to: receive training data generated by compiling circuitdesigns; generate, using the training data, a tuned model; generate,using the training data and base data, a hybrid model, wherein the basemodel, the tuned model, and the hybrid model effects of place and routestrategies; receive a cost function selected from a plurality of costfunctions comprising a first cost function that biases towards reducingcompilation time, a second cost function that biases towards reducingresource consumption during compilation, and a third cost function thatbiases towards both reducing compilation time and reducing resourceconsumption during compilation; and bias, using the selected costfunction, the tuned model, the hybrid model, and a base model generatedusing the base data.
 14. The non-transitory computer readable medium ofclaim 13, wherein the instructions, when executed, further cause theprocessor to: generate a netlist for a circuit design; predict, byapplying a first machine learning model to the netlist, a first compiletime for the circuit design; select a second machine learning model fromthe base model, the tuned model, and the hybrid model based on the firstcompile time and based on distances between the netlist and the basemodel, the tuned model, and the hybrid model; predict, by applying asecond machine learning model to the netlist, a first place and routestrategy based on the first compile time; and adjust a logic of thecircuit design in accordance with the first place and route strategy.15. The non-transitory computer readable medium of claim 14, wherein theinstructions, when executed, further cause the processor to: predict, byapplying a third machine learning model to the adjusted logic, a secondcompile time for the circuit design; select a fourth machine learningmodel from the base model, the tuned model, and the hybrid model basedon the second compile time and based on distances between the adjustedlogic and the base model, the tuned model, and the hybrid model;predict, by applying a fourth machine learning model to the adjustedlogic, a second place and route strategy based on the second compiletime; and place components of the circuit design in accordance with thesecond place and route strategy.
 16. The non-transitory computerreadable medium of claim 15, wherein the instructions, when executed,further cause the processor to: predict, by applying a fifth machinelearning model to the placed components, a third compile time for thecircuit design; select a sixth machine learning model from the basemodel, the tuned model, and the hybrid model based on the third compiletime and based on distances between the placed components and the basemodel, the tuned model, and the hybrid model; predict, by applying asixth machine learning model to the placed components, a third place androute strategy based on the third compile time; and route the componentsin accordance with the third place and route strategy.
 17. Thenon-transitory computer readable medium of claim 16, wherein theinstructions, when executed, further cause the processor to generate abitstream in accordance with the routing of the components.